I think that one important note here is that the rule says that the GK is deemed to be in control of the ball when he has it "between the hands", not that they are deemed to be in control if they have two hands on the ball. In the images on the last page Adrian has two hands on the ball, but the ball is not between his hands (or between his hands and the ground, or his hands and the ground) and he is instead trying to pull the ball back into his body. For me he was never in control of the ball even by the definition posted, and would only have been in control once it was between his hands and his body.
It also states the GK cannot be challenged by an opponent when in control of the ball, but Foden and Adrian were competing for a loose ball, and at the time of the challenge Adrian did not have control (if he ever did). If Adrian dives on the ball and then Foden comes in from the side and challenges him then it is a foul, but Adrian dives around Foden to get to the ball, so there was nothing really that Foden can do to avoid contact with Adrian.
Either way though, the on-field referee didn't give a foul and I don't think that it was a clear and obvious error not to do so, and with VAR that is ultimately the question, not whether it was a foul in the first place. If Pawson blows for a foul then VAR doesn't overturn that decision either IMO.
